KaliBench: A Fine-Grained Benchmark for Cybersecurity Tool Use on Kali Linux with Runtime-Free Verifiable Rewards
Abstract:LLMs are increasingly applied to cybersecurity workflows, where they are expected to translate analysts' intent into tool invocations. However, existing evaluations focus on knowledge-based assessments or end-to-end agentic tasks, and do not directly measure LLMs' ability to generate executable commands for real-world cybersecurity tools. This gap is critical because cybersecurity operations rely on strict command-line interfaces (CLIs), where minor syntax errors, incorrect flag--value bindings, or argument misordering can invalidate execution. We introduce KaliBench, a fine-grained benchmark and dataset for natural-language--to--CLI translation on Kali Linux, comprising 8,504 query--command pairs spanning 1,642 tools across 23 capability dimensions and 5 security phases. KaliBench is constructed via a manuscript-grounded pipeline with deterministic canonicalization and alias-aware evaluation, enabling precise and reproducible assessment of tool selection and argument construction. To ensure both semantic correctness and practical executability, we develop a multi-stage verification pipeline that combines LLM-based validation, sandboxed terminal execution, and human-in-the-loop refinement. Building on these fine-grained, deterministic signals, KaliBench further enables runtime-free verifiable rewards for training. Across three evaluation modes and 24 configurations of general-purpose and security-focused open-weight models, no open-weight model exceeds 42% exact-command accuracy in the unrestricted setting, highlighting the difficulty of accurate CLI-based cybersecurity tool use without explicit tool hints. We further show that supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards derived from KaliBench significantly improve an 8B model and achieve performance comparable to a 685B MoE model.
| Comments: | Accepted at NeurIPS 2026 Evaluations and Datasets Track. Project page: this https URL | Github: this https URL |
| Subjects: | Computation and Language (cs.CL); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Cryptography and Security (cs.CR) |
| Cite as: | arXiv:2610.02206 [cs.CL] |
| (or arXiv:2610.02206v1 [cs.CL] for this version) | |
| https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2610.02206 arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) |
Submission history
From: Naufal Suryanto [view email]
[v1]
Thu, 1 Oct 2026 17:59:55 UTC (4,883 KB)